Map Lanes

In the Web Agents guide, we describe a distributed object model where Web Agents are the objects. The fields in this model are called lanes.

Lanes come in many flavors, but every lane type exposes:

• A means to act on the lane
• Customizable lifecycle callbacks that execute during the runtime of the action
• Various means to strongly type (i.e. parametrize) the lane
• Universal WARP subscriptions to the lane

A map lane stores a keyed collection of values, is sorted by key, and still meets these requirements:

• Every map lane can have key, value pairs put into it and removed from it. Additionally, several pairs can be dropped at once
• Doing so will trigger its didUpdate(), didRemove(), and didDrop() callbacks, respectively
• The parameters on a map lane indicate the types of its keys and values
• Map lane state and lifecycle can be subscribed to via both map downlinks and general-purpose event downlinks

Declaration

All lanes are declared inside Web Agents as fields annotated with @SwimLane. The parameter inside this annotation is the lane’s laneUri. Recall that every Web Agent has a universal, logical address known as its nodeUri; laneUris are simply the equivalent counterpart for lanes.

The following declaration is sufficient to make the shoppingCart lane of every UnitAgent addressable by the laneUri "shoppingCart":

// swim/basic/UnitAgent.java
package swim.basic;

import swim.api.SwimLane;
import swim.api.agent.AbstractAgent;
import swim.api.lane.MapLane;

public class UnitAgent extends AbstractAgent {
  @SwimLane("shoppingCart")
  MapLane<String, Integer> shoppingCart;
}

Internally, lanes are always backed by swim.structure.Values, regardless of their parametrized types. Under the hood, lanes use swim.structure.Forms to handle any necessary conversions, allowing users to treat lanes as properly parametrized data types provided that a form for that data type exists. Even custom Java classes can be lane types, provided that forms for those classes exist. We will further discuss this topic in a more advanced cookbook.

Instantiation and Callbacks

The AbstractAgent class comes with utility methods to construct runnable lanes. Recall, however, that developers rarely instantiate Web Agents by explicitly invoking their constructors. The recommended pattern for adding a map lane to an Agent is instead to:

• Exclude constructors entirely from Web Agents
• Use the mapLane() method to instantiate the lane; note that this is a parametrized method
• Through a builder pattern, override any of the lane’s desired lifecycle callback methods:
  • void didUpdate(K key, V newValue, V oldValue): executed every time a key, value pair is placed in the lane
  • void didRemove(K key, V oldValue): executed every time a key is removed from the lane
  • void didDrop(int dropCount): executed every time drop() is invoked on the lane

Should you define a constructor for your web agent, you must explicitly provide a default constructor and handle the initialization of all member variables declared by your Web Agent. However, it is not recommended to define any constructors. There is a didStart() lifecycle method that allows you to do post-initialization processing.

// swim/basic/UnitAgent.java
package swim.basic;

import swim.api.SwimLane;
import swim.api.agent.AbstractAgent;
import swim.api.lane.MapLane;

public class UnitAgent extends AbstractAgent {
  @SwimLane("shoppingCart")
  MapLane<String, Integer> shoppingCart = this.<String, Integer>mapLane()
      .didUpdate((key, newValue, oldValue) -> {
        logMessage(key + " count changed to " + newValue + " from " + oldValue);
      });

  private void logMessage(Object msg) {
    System.out.println(nodeUri() + ": " + msg);
  }
}

External Addressability

Lanes are Swim server endpoints; therefore, external processes must be able to access them directly. Just like accessing the foo field of an object obj in object-oriented paradigms requires both obj and foo in some way (e.g. obj.foo), addressing a lane requires both the laneUri and the nodeUri of its enclosing agent. Additionally, if the request comes from a different Swim runtime from where the target lane lives (i.e. an entirely different plane or a Swim client instance), then the request must also identify the hostUri on which the Swim server is running.

Unlike with command() for command lanes, there is no general-purpose Swim API method to talk to map lanes (it’s still possible, but we’ll get to that in a bit). However, all lanes within an agent can directly reference each other in their callback functions. So, one common way to write to a map lane is to create a separate command lane whose onCommand() callback acts as a proxy:

// swim/basic/UnitAgent.java
package swim.basic;

import swim.api.SwimLane;
import swim.api.agent.AbstractAgent;
import swim.api.lane.CommandLane;
import swim.api.lane.MapLane;

public class UnitAgent extends AbstractAgent {
  @SwimLane("shoppingCart")
  MapLane<String, Integer> shoppingCart = this.<String, Integer>mapLane()
      .didUpdate((key, newValue, oldValue) -> {
        logMessage(key + " count changed to " + newValue + " from " + oldValue);
      });

  @SwimLane("addItem")
  CommandLane<String> publish = this.<String>commandLane()
      .onCommand(msg -> {
        final int n = this.shoppingCart.getOrDefault(msg, 0) + 1;
        this.shoppingCart.put(msg, n);
      });

  private void logMessage(Object msg) {
    System.out.println(nodeUri() + ": " + msg);
  }
}

Direct communication with value lanes is instead accomplished through downlinks. Downlinks are WARP subscriptions to lanes. They come in many flavors, but subscriptions to map lanes can only be accomplished through map downlinks and, to a more limited extent, event downlinks.

Further reading: Command Lanes, Downlinks

Writing to Map Lanes

Map downlinks can be instantiated using the downlinkMap() method from any Swim handle, as long as the desired hostUri (optional if the target lane is within the same Swim handle), nodeUri, and laneUri are known in advance. Once a map downlink is initialized, put(), remove(), and drop() can be directly invoked on it, as if it were the underlying lane itself.

// swim/basic/CustomClient.java
package swim.basic;

import swim.api.downlink.MapDownlink;
import swim.client.ClientRuntime;
import swim.structure.Form;
import swim.structure.Text;
import swim.structure.Value;

class CustomClient {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    ClientRuntime swimClient = new ClientRuntime();
    swimClient.start();
    final String hostUri = "warp://localhost:9001";
    final String nodeUri = "/unit/master";
    swimClient.command(hostUri, nodeUri, "WAKEUP", Value.absent());
    // Send using either the proxy command lane...
    swimClient.command(hostUri, nodeUri, "addItem", Text.from("FromClientCommand"));
    // ...or a downlink put()
    final MapDownlink<String, Integer> link = swimClient.downlinkMap()
        .keyForm(Form.forString()).valueForm(Form.forInteger())
        .hostUri(hostUri).nodeUri(nodeUri).laneUri("shoppingCart")
        .open();
    link.put("FromClientLink", 25);
    link.remove("FromClientLink");

    System.out.println("Will shut down client in 2 seconds");
    Thread.sleep(2000);
    swimClient.stop();
  }
}

Reading from Map Lanes

There are two ways to read data from map lanes, both of which require opening a downlink.

The simpler approach is to simply call get(K key) on the downlink to read its value at key at the time of the invocation.

The far more powerful approach uses the fact that map downlinks also have access to didUpdate(). This enables an event-driven style of programming where client programs are treated as completely in sync with the server. And, excluding network latency and backpressure regulation of network packets, they basically are.

// swim/basic/CustomClient.java
package swim.basic;

import swim.api.downlink.MapDownlink;
import swim.client.ClientRuntime;
import swim.structure.Form;
import swim.structure.Text;
import swim.structure.Value;

class CustomClient {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    ClientRuntime swimClient = new ClientRuntime();
    swimClient.start();
    final String hostUri = "warp://localhost:9001";
    final String nodeUri = "/unit/master";
    swimClient.command(hostUri, nodeUri, "WAKEUP", Value.absent());
    final MapDownlink<String, Integer> link = swimClient.downlinkMap()
        .keyForm(Form.forString()).valueForm(Form.forInteger())
        .hostUri(hostUri).nodeUri(nodeUri).laneUri("shoppingCart")
        .didUpdate((key, newValue, oldValue) -> {
          System.out.println("link watched " + key + " change to " + newValue + " from " + oldValue);
        })
        .open();
    // Send using either the proxy command lane...
    swimClient.command(hostUri, nodeUri, "addItem", Text.from("FromClientCommand"));
    // ...or a downlink put()
    link.put("FromClientLink", 25);
    link.remove("FromClientLink");

    System.out.println("Will shut down client in 2 seconds");
    Thread.sleep(2000);
    swimClient.stop();
  }
}

Try It Yourself

A standalone project that combines all of these snippets and handles any remaining boilerplate is available here.